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21#
發表於 2019-7-21 02:10
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02 Cells and Tissues 细胞和组织
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# s/ G+ v2 e/ ?9 d* c#17-18 Bone Formation 骨的形成3 l+ B. q& C6 }8 Z5 G
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在线视频 http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNDI4MTI1MjI2OA==.html8 \* u+ x' |5 S( e* {
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+ G" U0 O/ A: z2 P#17 Flat bone formation 扁平骨的形成
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The development of the skeleton's flat bones begins as certain mesenchymal cells, at specific points within embryonic fibrous connective tissue, develop into osteoblasts.
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骨架的扁骨发育始于某些间质细胞。在某个特定时间内,胚胎内纤维结缔组织中的这些间质细胞发育成骨细胞。
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The osteoblasts cluster together, secrete bone matrix, and develop into osteocytes that deposit calcium and other mineral salts that harden the forming bone matrix.
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/ v# o( J6 O1 a, A( v2 ]7 p6 H" ^: w成骨细胞簇在一起,分泌骨基质,并发育成骨细胞,将钙和其他矿物盐沉积硬化,形成骨基质。1 u; ^. ~: D7 N( F1 E0 K; F
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The bony regions spread out into thin columns called trabeculae, and form spongy bone tissue. A fibrous covering called the periosteum forms on the surface of the bone, and a layer of compact bone tissue replaces the upper layers of spongy bone.8 f h2 {" c0 h, S
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骨区散开成细柱,称为小梁,形成海绵状骨组织。骨的表面形成纤维状覆盖物,称为骨膜,致密的骨组织层替换骨松质的上层。
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, k( D, i( r0 W% l: ^" w" b4 l2 jThis process in which flat bones develop from connective tissue is called intramembranous ossification.
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结缔组织发育成扁骨,这一过程称为膜内骨化。
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" F/ q* }4 l9 D# s#18 Long bone formation 长骨的形成6 G9 U, b+ l8 ^8 Y1 N
( ?3 Z0 y6 ?+ j/ z: yDuring embryonic development cells called chondroblasts begin secreting cartilage that develops in the shape of the skeleton's long bones. The blueish, transparent, avascular tissue formed is called hyaline cartilage. As the cartilage grows, the chondroblasts in the interior calcify and die.
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: ?$ b5 Y2 A b7 H3 o- K' c1 \7 L在胚胎发育期间,软骨细胞开始分泌软骨,发育成骨骼长骨形状。这种微蓝色、透明、含血管的组织称为透明软骨。随着软骨生长,内部的软骨钙化而死亡。% d8 o1 U' Y* U0 v I! o1 W
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Blood vessels penetrate the structure and deliver osteoblasts. These cells lay down bone material. As the cartilage ossifies and spongy bone forms, a medullary cavity develops.1 U$ k; X7 B* R# ~/ u
8 ^# a- e5 _/ a6 s, T血管透入软骨结构,带来成骨细胞,成骨细胞使骨化物质沉积。随着软骨骨化和松质骨的形成,出现了骨髓腔。
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At the ends of a long bone ossification from cartilage also occurs. This process in which hyaline cartilage becomes bone and grows is called endochondral ossification.
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. t/ f% }3 ^9 O: j: e( r/ l3 W在长骨两端也发生软骨骨化。透明软骨变成骨并生长的过程,称为软骨内骨化。2 v# @6 m4 W% Q4 E R* R
7 {0 X" R- W' c7 e8 x7 @5 gBone growth continues through childhood. After puberty, bone tissue replaces the remaining hyaline cartilage, and the shaft reaches its adult length.
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' W4 K5 N5 j) ?* Y5 d w1 [整个童年骨骼都在生长。青春期后,骨组织替换剩余透明软骨,且轴达到成人的长度。' ?6 V0 H6 i# |- ^: k8 i( x4 M; W
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. S( I3 u, V3 k载点 https://pan.baidu.com/s/1VfsZTrcn6YDbUq8_8rbxKg* O7 n: ^ ]' y% C0 }( n3 v
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