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[神乃木収容倉] English Grammar in Use 2012 v4 (07/23 update

www.cambridge.org/englishgrammarinuse
$ F4 u/ E5 ~0 d9 e6 q& L0 m- S
2F Copyrights 版权信息
3F Contents 目录
4F To the student 致学生

01 Present and past 现在时与过去时
005F - 001  Present continuous (I am doing) 现在进行时 190711
006F - 002  Present simple (I do) 一般现在时 190722
007F - 003  Present Continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and I do) 现在进行时与一般现在时 1907238 y, i, F0 k& X1 C2 D/ M( Z- x1 R* W
008F - 004  Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and I do)2 [, `0 ?  P. ?# e6 t! ]
009F - 005  Past simple (I did) 一般过去时
010F - 006  Past continuous (I was doing) 过去进行时% W, e( c5 G% `! a" J

02 Present perfect and past 现在完成时与过去时
011F - 007  Present perfect 1 (I have done) 现在完成时

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CAMBRIDGE: D+ w- v' B: u' V3 y$ z! {# e8 s

The world’s best-selling3 s$ g9 G' L! L1 A$ V7 Z
grammar book) T# R9 V) {7 A& \' |$ `0 X( |

English# q' h# d% C6 }1 \; X8 l
Grammar# ^' \. K$ O! i, t5 e
in Use* m6 i" K( U5 a& G% Z) W

A self-study reference and practice book
for intermediate learns of English

Fourth Edition
with answers and eBook

Includes eBook
with audio
3 {5 e+ x- H, O" A5 K
Raymond Murphy, w; T' F, Y! o1 T; C. U' l

English Grammar in Use
With answers and eBook • Fourth Edition
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' U0 L' H# Y3 x+ G( k; V7 j
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A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
4 ]% K$ E# K0 A  d+ }: z
ISBN 978-1-107-53933-4 Edition with answers and Interactive eBook
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ISBN 978-0-521-18908-8 Edition without answers, V: t4 ~. T) g5 ~
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Contents  目录% v- j: W; B( e9 h
0 w) J0 V/ S/ s* y  j
<iii>
Thanks       vii. B' Y5 r; j2 D
To the student       viii9 n4 B0 v5 u* {6 _, W# r) I( `; q
To the teacher       x

Present and past
  1  Present continuous (I am doing)
  2  Present simple (I do)
  3  Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and I do)$ a9 m& y- S% S7 s4 J  d
  4  Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and I do): w+ {$ ^# \/ W' I" f& i9 I% i! c6 J
  5  Past simple (I did)% d! I; N" @! d& u, ?5 R3 \( r
  6  Past continuous (I was doing)6 I) n. s3 @( o4 G/ c/ v0 x) U
- V0 z2 z1 \7 K+ Z0 D: h. k% u
Present perfect and past2 A  Z. ?5 d0 S' S- x2 I* V% n1 a
  7  Present perfect 1 (I have done)
  8  Present perfect 2 (I have done)
  9  Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)4 N7 Q$ A2 P" ~- ^% R. s  U8 a# W& Z
10  Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done), a- v- J# c; q: s, g
11  How long have you (been) … ?% u# a! e5 Y0 a, `7 Z' y
12  For and since    When … ? and How long … ?
13  Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and I did)/ I! P6 R/ S& }9 A
14  Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I did)
15  Past perfect (I had done)
16  Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)
17  Have and have got
18  Used to (do)3 z; Q' b3 k/ K7 |0 n. ?, i+ Q

Future
19  Present tenses (I am doing / I do) for the future% D. [8 {& }; f* M7 l- {* t
20  (I’m) going to (do): @! Z4 U1 i& o( A- ^9 a/ Y
21  Will/shall 1! v! O; Y& `5 p
22  Will/shall 29 |1 a) J' f5 O( R3 |( Q" T
23  I will and I’m going to+ \+ ]  G6 \# _- S& n) v
24  Will be doing and will have done
25  When I do / When I’ve done    When and if
3 U+ l: Q0 y+ |, Z. Z( H
Modals. f4 \- {$ {4 A0 K: N7 ~
26  Can, could and (be) able to, t5 H, e: n8 r% H1 h
27  Could (do) and could have (done)8 r( Y6 u& l* f& ]
28  Must and can’t
29  May and might 1
30  May and might 2# n! K% C1 Z' Y9 D- F5 y6 I( t
31  Have to and must
32  Must  mustn’t  needn’t% q: o  t& G3 N
33  Should 1
34  Should 2
35  Had better    It’s time …4 A# }' i" o. Q  y$ k! s1 m9 ^: C
36  Would' G1 ]7 k+ D2 M4 N" l
37  Can/Could/Would you … ? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and invitations)4 m2 V" w3 @6 E) p! h

[ IF YOU ARE NOT  SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326. ]

<iv>
If and wish
38  If I do … and If I did …
39  If I knew …    I wish I knew …& n. T1 y( e: |. p6 Z: F
40  If I had known …    I wish I had known …
41  Wish1 a3 k& p+ e5 ]: R; R: }( _
' q0 {4 \. R: J" p# D7 M
Passive
42  Passive 1 (is done / was done); U0 N4 n( _' L& M
43  Passive 2 (be done / been done / being done)
44  Passive 3
45  It is said that … He is said to … He is supposed to …2 ?; e2 u$ r6 P: j0 v
46  Have something done# M+ b3 c& Z' v

Reported speech7 V8 u( X& I" y
47  Reported speech 1 (He said that …)
48  Reported speech 2
- G2 o& x( N+ @2 E3 {! x
Questions and auxiliary verbs
49  Questions 1% P9 R  a7 X$ p" d
50  Questions 2 (Do you know where … ? / He asked me where …). w, {% w! R( Z: @  L, `
51  Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I think so / I hope so etc.
52  Question tags (do you? isn’t it? etc.)1 _" F+ i, {' U) b+ ]) ^/ T
6 }+ l, m1 `" w( q* X8 L
-ing and to …, P6 H( c9 W: v/ v' l* _& u0 ^- S7 |) P
53  Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.)- x' S7 Q% Q4 p
54  Verb + to … (decide to … / forget to … etc.)
55  Verb (+ object) + to … (I want you to … etc.)
56  Verb + -ing or to … 1 (remember/regret etc.)$ X4 u6 g9 d" O, q1 W
57  Verb + -ing or to … 2 (try/need/help)3 z7 A3 b) f6 |
58  Verb + -ing or to … 3 (like / would like etc.)+ Z/ j, b  \% D: M
59  Prefer and would rather, x1 m0 I+ e6 J- J# Y0 a
60  Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing+ Q4 ~3 ^2 w, d# E0 C# e
61  Be/get used to something (I’m used to …). G1 s2 D) c' B' e3 ?; |
62  Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse somebody of -ing etc.)3 r- K% _. I, ^6 y
63  Expressions + -ing
64  To … , for … and so that …4 h- w1 f! s- F/ o/ u3 n  B
65  Adjective + to …( f* g9 C# c* y  E- R  Q
66  To … (afraid to do) and preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing)
67  See somebody do and see somebody doing$ B9 }* Q# E" M& U0 c
68  -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.): b7 \/ P1 ?& [: W9 a
/ f& H% l5 p( K5 s1 Y
Articles and nouns) c2 e7 s" r' u. Q2 W6 \
69  Countable and uncountable 1+ a, C6 x; `6 [9 R, Z
70  Countable and uncountable 2
71  Countable nouns with a/an and some
72  A/an and the; L; w+ X# q8 I/ h+ n
73  The 1
74  The 2 (school / the school etc.)
75  The 3 (children / the children)
76  The 4 (the giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc., the + adjective)* i/ V: {: V* H7 N. ~
77  Names with and without the 1
78  Names with and without the 2  e2 [- Z+ Z; _' K, d; {

[ IF YOU ARE NOT  SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326. ]

<v>
  79  Singular and plural
  80  Noun + noun (a tennis ball / a headache)! n# w; Q2 S- }, H
  81  -’s (your sister’s name) and of … (the name of the book)
5 j5 F" w9 F9 ^. R
Pronouns and determiners% B6 ]% M& k9 \" T+ ~! H7 ^
  82  Myself/yourself/themselves etc.+ c$ c3 `5 e2 b  B3 c
  83  A friend of mine My own house On my own / by myself% H8 u3 v" C- r5 ^6 A/ b
  84 There … and it …, i+ V9 S+ E& m9 V6 [
  85  Some and any
  86  No/none/any Nothing/nobody etc.) l0 @- I/ b( q' e# Y/ R
  87  Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty7 P1 M4 D% X# I2 |8 p
  88  All / all of    most / most of no / none of etc.7 i5 M7 q$ w% @0 b% V+ w
  89  Both / both of neither / neither of either / either of. P9 d5 P0 `( c6 A: {% I8 O4 x/ H
  90  All, every and whole; S6 l9 G: F! l: l) a4 J) W; @
  91  Each and every

Relative clauses
  92  Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which
  93  Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which
  94  Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where4 a$ N- P2 c9 z% N. z
  95  Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1), o: I* J# j7 Z* a( J/ I' d! S5 |
  96  Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2)
  97  -ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident)7 K1 A; n9 F7 I8 T) q
  y. [, w6 Y3 H
Adjectives and adverbs( |* c3 a6 K) c% _2 `! O
  98  Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)
  99  Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired& k) l% Z4 F" Q: A
100  Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quickly)/ J' `) w/ S5 Y. L
101  Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/fast/late, hard/hardly)% N; T3 g2 z, ?# v8 g; c: r0 i
102  So and such
103  Enough and too  I* F0 @( G+ {% ?
104  Quite, pretty, rather and fairly9 Z0 `: A0 {# C! A" [
105  Comparison 1 (cheaper, more expensive etc.)' l$ \; a5 I# K9 E5 P, W, e
106  Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better)% f0 l1 k  L2 E7 |+ p" t
107  Comparison 3 (as … as / than)4 O& F- e4 b  ]5 V. E8 h
108  Superlatives (the longest, the most enjoyable etc.), \( h6 c  i+ `$ |$ U: c
109  Word order 1: verb +object; place and time2 [/ D  `) v5 a8 w
110  Word order 2: adverbs with the verb
111  Still, yet and already Any more / any longer / no longer. c* |. l! K# N% p
112 Even

Conjunctions and prepositions
113  Although / though / even though In spite of / despite) g0 E% l% l+ z; m& w
114  In case. `8 D& i  L& }1 r' Y: S' _7 S
115  Unless As long as Provided/providing
116  As (As I walked along the street … / As I was hungry …)/ n# Z7 p" x% I/ V
117  Like and as! }1 g8 q9 w% v
118  Like / as if / as though& \# F0 v: Z: x% h$ v4 h8 g
119  For, during and while
120  By and until By the time …

[ IF YOU ARE NOT  SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326. ]2 [2 h3 b( f, O2 _2 P- ~/ |5 X

<vi>- h8 c% [  K$ F2 z+ w( U( S4 k
Prepositions4 Q, c2 p* o) }1 R* F
121  At/on/in (time)" p% Y* _$ r& W3 ^3 B6 q+ d3 J
122  On time and in time At the end and in the end5 y0 I2 O3 S+ T+ ]2 P+ T+ y, z2 u
123  In/at/on (position) 1: k! I3 M, b, S4 b2 F+ ^' e
124  In/at/on (position) 2
125  In/at/on (position) 3
126  To/at/in/into6 W& h# a3 u& V( y
127  In/on/at (other uses)
128  By
129  Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc.)
130  Adjective + preposition 1
131  Adjective + preposition 2
132  Verb + preposition 1 to and at
133  Verb + preposition 2 about/for/of/after
134  Verb + preposition 3 about and of
135  Verb + preposition 4 of/for/from/on
136  Verb + preposition 5 in/into/with/to/on6 }+ y7 `0 b; j

Phrasal verbs2 I& a6 ~5 f% A; m" c7 g
137  Phrasal verbs 1  General points
138  Phrasal verbs 2  in/out. K+ Y1 D0 {! q2 ]; J+ C6 d# l
139  Phrasal verbs 3  out
140  Phrasal verbs 4  on/off (1)
141  Phrasal verbs 5  on/off (2)
142  Phrasal verbs 6  up/down
143  Phrasal verbs 7  up (1)
144  Phrasal verbs 8  up (2)- t" \# D+ ]4 {5 ]
145  Phrasal verbs 9  away/back
' x0 s9 V- n" Q7 f
Appendix 1 Regular and irregular verbs    292
Appendix 2 Present and past tenses    294
Appendix 3 The future    295
Appendix 4 Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.)    296
Appendix 5 Short forms (I’m / You’ve / didn’t etc.)    297
Appendix 6 Spelling    2989 _% a3 \% {; i/ V
Appendix 7 American English    300

Additional exercises    302+ [% x) o1 M6 g" C( J' d( }

Study guide    3269 D$ E$ o4 m6 H" _! M* [8 C

Key to Exercises    3368 Q0 ^! _6 }6 T/ M: a
Key to Additional exercises    368% d8 K1 x. e% i# f9 s' f
Key to Study guide    372
0 o- p1 X. B/ r0 |
Index    373

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To the student

) x; S: I) J, e( R' j6 _2 F3 x
<viii>
This book is for students who want help with English grammar. It is written for you to use without a
teacher.
: O' S+ f. R* }: ?0 {6 x
The book will be useful for you if you are not sure of the answers to questions like these:9 J  a! O" B6 {1 M% g  w
□ What is the difference between I did and I have done?
□ When do we use will for the future?: [& P3 d# s0 p; F; `5 }: @
□ What is the structure after I wish?
□ When do we say used to do and when do we say used to doing?
□ When do we use the?& X. D6 b  `6 T. n, W
□ What is the difference between like and as?

These and many other points of English grammar are explained in the book and there are exercises on# x' X9 L% u, L; i& ]7 S& C* F$ B
each point.
! A  P9 X6 L* m" {9 [. o, ?
Level& r8 c  G4 A5 U! L, @$ g
The book is intended mainly for intermediate students (students who have already studied the basic# \$ k3 q* H1 F) V! P+ x
grammar of English). It concentrates on those structures which intermediate students want to use,+ w: ]* n8 R) x. Z5 I5 K
but which often cause difficulty. Some advanced students who have problems with grammar will also0 E, r; Z! x( a3 U7 B/ Q
find the book useful.& B) p) Q, g) j

The book is not suitable for elementary learners.: a0 u: I) J+ Y# n- N

How the book is organised
There are 145 units in the book. Each unit concentrates on a particular point of grammar. Some, I  |: e  W" `6 T
problems (for example, the present perfect or the use of the) are covered in more than one unit. For a
list of units, see the Contents at the beginning of the book.
Each unit consists of two facing pages. On the left there are explanations and examples; on the! {; i7 p" R- L3 h$ l& e
right there are exercises. At the back of the book there is a Key for you to check your answers to the
exercises (page 336).
There are also seven Appendices at the back of the book (page 292-301). These include irregular( q0 t6 a( f( {  w2 d
verbs, summaries of verb forms, spelling and American English.3 @; [- L- m6 t' b0 V. d9 Y8 P
Finally, there is a detailed Index at the back of the book (page 373).% }4 f3 s! T% g% c$ D8 Z

How to use the book9 B' x9 l& U# o: J1 U# @8 k/ ~
The units are not in order of difficulty, so it is not intended that you work through the book from
beginning to end. Every learner has different problems and you should use this book to help you with
the grammar that you find difficult.
It is suggested that you work in this way:
□ Use the Contents and/or Index to find which unit deals with the point you are interested in.
□ If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study guide on page 326.7 q& E3 A; ]+ D
□ Study the explanations and examples on the left-hand page of the unit you have chosen.  M2 B3 n8 O- k" _
□ Do the exercises on the right-hand page.
□ Check your answers with the Key.
□ If your answers are not correct, study the left-hand page again to see what went wrong.
You can of course use the book simply as a reference book without doing the exercises.
. n' _( F5 D6 v) X
6 A! c2 I8 ]2 u
<ix>
Additional exercises
At the back of the book there are Additional exercises (page 302-325). These exercises bring together
some of the grammar points from a number of different units. For example, Exercise 16 brings together1 r; v4 J1 ^% ^6 j, K' z
grammar points from Unit 26-36. You can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied
and practised the grammar in the units concerned.

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Part 01  Present and past  现在时与过去时7 |7 s( l2 S% |# ^$ q

Unit 001 Present continuous (I am doing) 现在进行时（be + -ing）

6 m& t% @0 i, o6 k) X" v: w
<2>/ C1 L3 X# {0 K8 Q" B) {4 l
A  Study this example situation:: \- a* F! M9 _9 A4 T2 o7 U
   Sarah is in her car. She is on her way to work.
   She is driving to work.
7 G! `2 u- p5 l$ L1 p: m
   This means: she is driving now, at the time of speaking., l  w& ?9 X6 E7 P. M
   The action is not finished.! M0 k& `; S+ y% e/ i2 q  A5 w

   Am/is/are + -ing is the present continuous:+ x2 W8 w! b* x4 @3 C1 _. C* ]
                                 I am (= I’m) |  driving: S& O: q& W5 w- s2 }9 }( ?/ ~0 o
                  he/she/it (= he’s etc.) |  working/ E# Y, m7 w! F3 I1 P# h
      we/you/they are (= we’re etc.) |  doing etc.
" G/ b! ~% v6 n0 `  `
B  I am doing something = I’m in the middle of doing it; I’ve started doing it and I haven’t finished:
         □ Please don’t make so much noise. I’m trying to work. (not I try)7 p/ ^! c4 X" u* a/ M. b/ @
         □ ‘Where’s Mark?’ ‘He’s having a shower.’ (not He has a shower)* ^: {& {4 s9 v+ Q8 c" c
         □ Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more. (not It doesn’t rain)
         □ (at a party) Hi, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (not Do you enjoy)
         □ What’s all that noise? What’s going on? (= What’s happening?)

Sometimes the action is not happening at the time of speaking. For example:
   Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says:# }# O# O% _  j. A
         [ I’m reading a really good book at the moment.) Z4 J0 L/ l( B* n# `! K7 X  L
         It’s about a man who … ]
   Steve is not reading the book at the time of speaking.
   He means that he has started it, but has not finished it yet.8 y1 Z2 P3 w7 k2 ^" \
   He is in the middle of reading it.. A% s( f4 `# R$ {2 e
) {% m/ }- n! N# p, x9 I
Some more examples:
         □ Kate wants to work in Italy, so she’s learning Italian. (but perhaps she isn’t learning Italian0 y) U. S/ j0 ^9 B' `- E' g
               at the time of speaking)
         □ Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope to finish it next summer.+ a& {& x& N2 r9 |; W% ]  s0 h
# C# y' C0 Q  W2 o3 _/ C
C  You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year etc. (periods around now):
         □ A: You’re working hard today. (not You work hard today)
               B: Yes, I have a lot to do.4 ^- ?6 g' @- d
         □ The company I work for isn’t doing so well this year.5 b; i: y( s' ]$ e6 d$ _$ P4 T
0 \, t. E. o2 |6 a
D  We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now, especially: `9 k8 p3 v$ j( O
with these verbs:+ {$ x1 }+ R7 M
         get    change    become    increase    rise    fall    grow    improve    begin    start- M! k: u; n$ _/ h
         □ Is your English getting better? (not Does your English get better)& F) I& Q! m2 N* D' d4 [9 F
         □ The population of the world is increasing very fast. (not increases)
         □ At first I didn’t like my job, but I’m beginning to enjoy it now. (not I begin)  Q. A0 z4 ?4 [/ ]7 V: Z; I3 n4 J7 ?
  x+ b, ]2 D# L% U  j9 v$ ~# Z9 N

[ Present continuous and present simple → Units 3-4       Present tenses for the future → Units 19 ]

<3>: K: V& E  b  L
Exercises

1.1  The sentences on the right follow those on the left. Which sentences goes with which?$ u+ p4 w! O9 h( }
   1  Please don’t make so much noise.          a  It’s getting late., D7 @$ Y* m6 ^$ \# ]5 f1 [! U
   2  I need to eat something soon.                b  They’re lying.  C# L! W4 x! E5 x
   3  I don’t have anywhere to live right now. c  It’s starting to rain.5 j8 M! f" H4 Y' R0 T' ^6 x8 P
   4  We need to leave soon.                         d  They’re trying to sell it.; l- @7 o9 J, A% b, K
   5  They don’t need their car any more.       e  I’m getting hungry.
   6  Things are not so good at work.             f  I’m trying to work.8 N- |& L) g# ^5 Z% @6 j
   7  It isn’t true what they said.                      g  I’m looking for an apartment.( d+ W+ x5 |& [  P3 Z; e* U, X/ B& s
   8  We’re going to get wet.                            h  The company is losing money., b6 I6 F% m6 A/ W! H' H4 [+ @
" Q8 Z/ _/ ]+ D& W$ d5 _. {: R; B* ?
1.2  Complete the conversations.1 K7 r( h5 D/ |5 M% B
   1  A: I saw Brian a few days ago.
         B: Oh, did you? __________________________ these days? (what / he / do)
         A: He’s at university.
         B: ________________________________________? (what / he / study)$ {4 X/ O( [0 U* U
         A: Psychology.
         B: ________________________________________ it? (he / enjoy)
         A: Yes, he says it’s a very good course.
   2  A: Hi, Nicola. How ______________________________________________? (your new job / go)/ X6 L2 Z3 k# z' G2 y+ W4 E
         B: Not bad. It wasn’t so good at first, but __________________________________ better now.
            (it / get)- q. T* u1 W( @3 u( _- c  n
         A: What about Daniel? Is he OK?
         B: Yes, but __________________________________ his work right now. (he / not / enjoy)! R; d* M/ I5 H) D8 H
            He’s been in the same job for a long time and _________________________________ to get bored
            with it. (he / begin)
) U4 l( m) S- Y: u& [
1.3  Put the verb into the correct form, positive (I’m doing etc.) or negative (I’m not doing etc.).
   1  Please don’t make so much noise. __________(I / try) to work.
   2  Let’s go out now. _______________(it / rain) any more.
   3  You can turn off the radio. ___________________________(I / listen) to it.1 w5 ^' ]' I/ J
   4  Kate phoned me last night. She’s on holiday in France. ____________________(she / have)# d/ a( Y+ L/ D
         a great time and doesn’t want to come back.! s& {: s4 o- C- ~; r
   5  I want to lose weight, so this week _____________________(I / eat) lunch.
   6  Andrew has just started evening classes. ____________________(he / learn) Japanese.: {# W  N8 q9 B, U7 d- Q9 Z
   7  Paul and Sally have had an argument. _______________________________(they / speak)4 R! B, u2 n* W2 U# @' Q8 w
         to each other.9 q9 }8 H6 R9 @
   8  ______________________(I / get) tired. I need a rest.* x7 o3 s' ~" d( L; O8 r7 L1 ~
   9  Tim _______________________(work) today. He’s taken the day off.
   10  ______________________(I / look) for Sophie. Do you know where she is?; u1 Z3 a9 I, _1 I2 Q
8 J9 n3 p- {3 o) o) q, [* D
1.4  Complete the sentences using the following verbs:
   [ start    get    increase    change    rise ]; H% k0 K7 J/ u+ a
   1  The population of the world ____________ very fast.
   2  The world _____________________. Things never stay the same.& I% O7 y$ m; N( G- g
   3  The situation is already bad and it ____________________ worse.
   4  The cost of living _____________________. Every year things are more expensive.
   5  The weather _____________________ to improve. The rain has stopped, and the wind isn’t
         as strong.

<336>
Key to Exercises9 k3 [( c6 b/ Y5 p1 B+ }
! ^4 _$ N) g& u8 z# j0 ^$ O' n
In some of the exercises you have to use your own ideas to write sentences. Example answers are giving in
the Key. If possible, check your answers with somebody who speaks English well.

1.1 1 f 2 e 3 g 4 a 5 d 6 h 7 b 8 c
* ~. N( O# n6 E. f0 a9 A
1.2+ k( ?( E" e: s: c! p( F  M; _. e
1 What's he doing / What is he doing5 Q4 u6 y  Q' A0 |8 C2 [: W
   What's / What is he studying4 G% R, ^2 Q4 U2 f* G
   Is he enjoying
2 's / is your new job going5 T/ e6 c- {" O
   it's getting / it is getting/ Z- ]% M( j( u5 i  N# M* g* _' J* K
   he isn't enjoying / he's not enjoying
   he's beginning / he is beginning& Y- h  T4 j7 b
0 S* v* \) b# W% X& c$ u9 Z5 z, j
1.3
  1 I'm trying / I am trying* K. S5 C- R; W
  2 It isn't raining / It is not raining
  3 I'm not listening / I am not listening9 Y4 \* J2 W3 K+ T4 z9 F' D
  4 She's having / She is having7 \5 U9 G6 w6 E- M$ M- m( w- u/ a2 B
  5 I'm not eating / I am not eating
  6 He's learning / He is learning* w% Y+ ?6 R- `4 r; ^% }
  7 They aren't speaking / They're not speaking / They are not speaking
  8 I'm getting / I am getting
  9 isn't working / 's not working / is not working2 T4 M7 d2 w7 N
10 I'm looking / I am looking* i1 j2 |7 G+ L
' i# c+ o4 o9 V# e& n2 g
1.4
1 is increasing$ N5 X$ W4 t& a& t( J
2 is changing3 G9 r% c+ H" P8 d0 Q
3 's getting / is getting# W  Z$ N4 O1 p  E
4 is rising
5 is starting

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Part 01  Present and past  现在时与过去时
& T5 T. h$ U& u0 G/ k4 l3 }7 w
Unit 002 Present simple (I do) 一般现在时
. I2 _- T# H6 e9 j! c

<4>
A Study this example situation:
   Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep.( `  R0 r% L5 b) O& x0 i( D5 ~
   He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep.)9 c8 Q0 x- u# e$ H) ~. o- |
   but He drivers a bus. (He is a bus driver.)' e$ Q3 p1 S( @) n* i$ ?
   Drive(s)/work(s)/do(es) etc. is the present simple:

I/we/you/they drive/work/do etc.% a$ D4 K% e/ m# Q. d
he/she/it drives/works/does etc.

B We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We use it to say that something happens all
   the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general:
      □ Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
      □ I usually go away at weekends.) Q2 f7 a( ]" N) {8 w
      □ The earth goes round the sun.8 m2 p  ~" N8 s7 C' q
      □ The café opens at 7.30 in the morning.
   Remember:
      I work ... but He works ...          They teach ... but My sister teaches ...
   For spelling (-s or -es), see Appendix 6.

C We use do/does to make questions and negative sentences:7 y* \& L' G2 t/ g. W# v. d

+ Y+ O4 E0 _7 _do I/we/you/they work/drive/do? I/we/you/they don't work/drive/do. U7 o3 A# P6 C% m7 Y0 H
does he/she/it work/drive/do? he/she/it doesn't work/drive/do.

      □ I come from Canada. Where do you come from?
      □ I don't go away very ofren.
      □ What does this word mean? (not What means this word?)
      □ Rice doesn't grow in cold climates.
   In the following examples, do is also the main verb (do you do / doesn't do etc.):1 e+ ?' P& Z; u2 J1 \
      □ 'What do you do?' 'I work in a shop.'
      □ He's always so lazy. He doesn't do anything to help.

D We use the present simple to say how often we do things:) w" |* _% z1 f! T
      □ I get up at 8 o'clock every morning.
      □ How oftendo you go to the dentist?
      □ Julie doesn't drink tea very often.- k) x  j" f/ R3 E- g7 v7 s  r
      □ Robert usually goes away two or three times a year.

E I promise / I apologise etc.4 Y2 z+ V! Q2 _. M! Q
   Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example, when you promise to do something,: |! {9 b/ l  k$ J8 z
   you can say 'I promise ...'; when you suggest something, you can say 'I suggest ...':. K0 W6 |  ~: a! o
      □ I promise I won't be late. (not I'm promising)# {# z; m  _  R
      □ 'What do you suggest I do?' 'I suggest that you ...') G3 G) u/ `8 d6 a% D/ n6 a
   In the same way we say: I apologise ... / I advise ... / I insist ... / I agree ... / I refuse ... etc.

[ Present continuous and present simple → Units 3-4       Present tenses for the future → Units 19 ]

<5>
Exercises
) Y: \* }) t. M/ w3 D6 \
2.1 Complete the sentences using the following verbs:

cause(s) connect(s) drink(s) live(s) open(s) ~~speak(s)~~ take(s)

   1  Tanya __________ German very well.9 u- L- f. T5 y
      2  I don't often __________ coffee.
      3  The swimming pool __________ at 7.30 every morning.3 W/ u- ?1 W# O" y7 H0 O% A
      4  Bad driving __________ many accidents.
      5  My parents __________ in a very small flat.
      6  The Olympic Games __________ place every four years.
      7  The Panama Canal __________ the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.+ ~9 [& k) S7 `# g

2.2 Put the verb into the correct form." t# i9 ?# n  n) J5 Q
      1  Julie ______________ (not / drink) tea very often.4 }0 E$ I/ g4 C6 F- z& N
      2  What time ______________ (the banks / close) here?
      3  I've got a car, but I ______________ (not / use) it much.; y& [) s- ^! _5 }( y9 n6 Z
      4  'Where ______________ (Ricardo / come) from?' 'From Cuba.'
      5  'What _______________ (you / do)?' 'I'm an electrician.'6 e! Q2 B; f7 m# Q% x
      6  It ______________ (take) me an hour to get to work. How long
         ______________ (it / take) you?* j. K/ U3 v8 Y: y4 T! [
      7  Look at this sentence. What ______________ (this word / mean)?5 q# x, B$ z) U! O3 t5 J3 m: h$ S
      8  David isn't very fit. He ______________ (not /do) any sport.: ]$ ~# \, U  v, n5 D8 m

2.3 Use the following verbs to complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the negative:

believe eat flow go ~~grow~~ make rise tell translate

   1  The earth __________ round the sun.    7  An interpreter __________ from one
      2  Rice __________ in Britain.                      language into another.
      3  The sun __________ in the east.          8  Liars are people who __________ the
      4  Bees __________ honey.                         truth.
      5  Vegetables __________ meat.             9  The River Amazon __________ into
      6  An atheist __________ in God.                the Atlantic Ocean.9 `, [' ^& u4 A4 _
5 A9 ^# x$ Z+ h: {2 R4 I# N! Q
2.4 You ask Lisa questions about herself and her family. Write the questions.
      1  You know that Lisa plays tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her.
         How often _________________________ ?( p6 ?! C& |( u) G0 K( v
      2  Perhaps Lisa's sister plays tennis too. You want to know. Ask Lisa.4 w. P' U( A' K* t& w
         _________________ your sister ____________________________?
      3  You know that Lisa reads a newspaper every day. You want to know which one. Ask her.
         _______________________________________________________?
      4  You know that Lisa's brother works. You want to know what he does. Ask Lisa.
         _______________________________________________________?
      5  You know that Lisa goes to the cinema a lot. You want to know how often. Ask her.
         _______________________________________________________?
      6  You don't know where Lisa's grandparents live. You want to know. Ask Lisa.
         _______________________________________________________?

2.5 Complete using the following:

I apologise I insist I promise I recommend ~~I suggest~~

   1  Mr Evans is not in the office today. ______________ you try calling him tomorrow.( i0 M# A: w& Y+ ?& c; A" `+ R0 @
      2  I won't tell anybody what you said. ____________________.; j' W* S/ I% x0 u3 W2 z
      3  (in a restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal. ____________________.: U  m- t( F, `# Y  ]
      4  ____________________ for what I did. It won't happen again.% W2 H8 z! x9 j
      5  The new restaurant in Hill Street is very good. _____________________ it.% r) X' |/ \3 s' k/ o

<336>
Key to Exercises

In some of the exercises you have to use your own ideas to write sentences. Example answers are giving in
the Key. If possible, check your answers with somebody who speaks English well.( |- @& i3 h& l& @- r3 A% g

2.1
1 speaks4 d+ Q5 X9 l/ Y
2 drink
3 opens$ Y  V, V. l4 v: `' V1 Z" B
4 causes
5 live
6 take6 u; r5 P9 G9 i  e
7 connects# E; F  [7 t' R7 l9 a- K

2.2. _9 f, [& x0 H, K% p
1 doesn't drink! D2 P' a2 F) }: n! P
2 do the banks close
3 don't use
4 does Ricardo come
5 do you do1 u: \, j( }0 Z# W  [
6 takes ... does it take
7 does this word mean
8 doesn't do( @) {( w3 K$ u6 V- R
- \! a$ Y% ]" G+ R( }0 i) z* H, q8 H
2.31 C. p7 I2 `# {1 a% {8 g
1 goes
2 doesn't grow! @1 w+ l; G! M1 _+ d* L" }! x7 }
3 rises
4 make/ `% m# w+ M4 o
5 don't eat
6 doesn't believe+ n& a- y7 E& m! F7 g0 e
7 translates
8 don't tell
9 flows" E; I, j; V6 }
: G7 }5 K! E. c5 Z
2.4& `4 ^: d% M6 v' P8 i1 e( g0 m5 x
1 How often do you play tennis?
2 Does your sister play tennis?$ d* R/ P0 J1 ]6 x
3 Which newspaper do you read?) I- u. |1 Q; @: N( @3 Z
4 What does your brother do?# k! N- P* A* ]3 X5 J
5 How often do you go to the cinema?% W& G, p! r- g. I1 P
6 Where do your grandparents live?, o; k5 i9 l8 ~5 Q0 _) {
9 M8 o5 k0 V' _6 z, \
2.5. M& f8 c: g8 Z& R# n
1 I suggest
2 I promise
3 I insist
4 I apologise! o' W( e! |- B; \) L/ E) Y
5 I recommend9 f/ E( D3 g- ]! ?+ I6 ^/ P

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發表於 2019-7-23 01:49 | 只看該作者

Part 01  Present and past  现在时与过去时

Unit 003 Present continuous and present simple 1  现在进行时与一般现在时
            (I am doing and I do)

<6>! |" x' F" ]) q% Z  i2 {
A Compare:
   Present continuous (I am doing)                         Present simple (I do)$ ?  m" I0 W" b1 ?! I# _. }
% K/ F( ]$ Q, f2 R: ]7 `# _4 t1 q
   We use the continuous for things happening at       We use the simple for things in general or0 G6 ?. |- V. {
   or around the time of speaking.                            things that happen repeatedly.) I2 T" v1 C9 V& E" M3 x8 A
   The action is not complete.
* J: d3 j  K; C8 G1 t6 m
                        I am doing                                  ←⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ I do ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→: u( H9 Z/ V9 I% j" a8 @" {0 c4 \
   ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯       ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, Q- X! ~# _) W7 i1 u
   past                      now                      future       past                      now                   future
* H7 [' f! U# P( }
      □  The water is boiling. Can you turn it                   □  Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius." X7 v" Q: }4 q' M: _; d* B5 h" Y# Y# ]& Q
         off?  k' F& F& i; e6 m. w0 s& d' v
      □  Listen to those people. What language                □  Excuse me, do you speak English?9 B" m6 t# _+ r/ i9 ]! ^: ~  [
         are they speaking?
      □  Let's go out. It isn't raining now.                      □  It doesn't rain very much in summer.
      □  'I'm busy.' 'What are you doing?'                      □  What do you usually do at weekends?
      □  I'm getting hungry. Let's go and eat.                   □  I always get hungry in the afternoon.+ k1 l* V4 \3 R& d( P  u
      □  Kate wants to work in Italy, so she's                   □  Most people learn to swim when they
         learning Italian.                                                    are children.
      □  The population of the world is                            □  Every day the population of the world
         increasing very fast.                                              increases by about 200,000 people.

We use the continuous for temporary situations:       We use the simple for permanent situations:$ K7 o! D2 I% J2 [
      □  I'm living with some friends until I find a             □  My parents live in London. They have
         place of my own.                                                    lived there all their lives.8 c& l, }, s; H5 X
      □  A:  You're working hard today.                            □  Joe isn't lazy. He works hard most of7 P2 M5 ~( M! N. `6 b2 H
         B: Yes, I have a lot to do.                                        the time.; E# z1 n$ |1 r% o
# G+ W! Q3 W6 K* |/ G" v, |
   See Unit 1 for more information.                            See Unit 2 for more information.
5 \' E8 O5 k0 z1 g
B I always do and I'm always doing- i. x! i% I; B5 ^/ j5 N
   I always do (something) = I do it every time:1 @. N2 P; `2 E- b) H
      □  I always go to work by car.  (not I'm always going)
   'I'm always doing something' has a different meaning. For example:

I've lost my phone again. I'm always losing things.

   I'm always losing =I lose things very often,4 B- G' V  x2 N) ?8 m% `/ s
   perhaps too often, or more often than normal.
   More examples:* Q$ Q9 ?' [* r% ]( Y2 F# W+ f
      □  You're always playing computer games. You should do something more active.* Q- V4 J# }0 Z! S3 n1 t3 n
         (= You play computer games too often)
      □  Tim is never satisfied. He's always complaining. (= He complains too much)6 r. C; g/ N- D- d2 W

[ Present continuous and simple 2 → Unit 4       Present tenses for the future → Unit 19 ]

  ?' t- C3 i( q2 @; o
<7>4 O7 m# h# {$ x& l$ K1 f: W
Exercises  k1 L9 _+ D2 g4 }7 F
; [. f% @8 P8 q: s; G; \2 V: |! g: U
3.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.9 f1 e/ a5 G7 R4 b. }, f# d
      1  Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.                            _OK____________________
      2  The water boils. Can you turn it off?                            _is_boiling_______________" ?; S4 |) ~) S7 O& n
      3  Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.       _______________________
      4  Can you hear those people? What do they talk about?    _______________________' y9 f- Q7 ^& `$ D
      5  The moon goes round the earth in about 27 days.          _______________________
      6  I must go now. It gets late.                                        _______________________
      7  I usually go to work by car.                                        _______________________
      8  'Hurry up! It's time to leave.' 'OK, I come.'                _______________________
      9  I hear you've got a new job. How do you get on?          _______________________+ v1 q, M6 V: L% B
   10  Paul is never late. He's always getting to work on time. _______________________9 Q" g6 V; _# V5 E2 h
   11  They don't get on well. They're always arguing.             _______________________
5 a( |: c7 l1 I" o5 O+ e$ q4 _) u
3.2 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.
      1  Let's go out. ______________ (it / not / rain) now.# h$ d# i& L, V* ]1 O/ W6 B
      2  Julia is very good at languages. ______________ (she / speak) four languages very well.
      3  Hurry up! ______________ (everybody / wait) for you.' q! |: c4 n* r+ h1 Q6 l
      4  '______________ (you / listen) to the radio?' 'No, you can turn it off.'" ~# T/ I( H  ^3 C2 l0 s
      5  '______________ (you / listen) to the radio every day?' 'No, just occasionally.'& g5 S; T  @- P1 t( X* H$ e
      6  The River Nile ______________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.3 c% |* v" t# A5 Q+ A# K
      7  The river ______________ (flow) very fast today - much faster than usual.; L% E  j* C% Q5 Q) Z
      8  ______________ (we / usually / grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year
         ______________ (we / not / grow) any.
      9  A: How's your English?
         B: Not bad. I think ____________ (it / improve) slowly.' J; c! r7 G. Q, j9 ]5 Y3 J9 @" B
   10  Rachel is in New York right now. ______________ (she / stay) at the Park Hotel.
         ______________ (she / always / stay) there when she's in New York.! Z. C8 i) N; {* t- X/ D" \
   11  Can we stop walking soon? ______________ (I / start) to feel tired.! o2 h) f1 h# U  c$ ~7 T
   12  A: Can you drive?
         B: ______________ (I / learn). My father ______________ (teach) me.
   13  Normally ______________ (I / finish) work at five, but this week
         ______________ (I / work) until six to earn a little more money.
   14  My parents ______________ (live) in Manchester. They were born there and have never* a7 U; k9 M( `- h4 t) b' F
         lived anywhere else. Where ________________________________ (your parents / live)?
   15  Sonia ______________ (look) for a place to live. ______________ (she / stay)4 ?. A$ f6 I  {. Y) m3 h/ Y- v
         with her sister until she finds somewhere.
   16  A: What ________________________ (your brother / do)?
         B: He's an architect, but ________________________ (he / not / work) at the moment.
   17  (at a party) ___________________ (I / usually enjoy) parties, but# R4 W, M( R7 I! S! q7 J) ?
         _________________ (I / not / enjoy) this one very much.

3.3 Finish B's sentences. Use always -ing.
      1  A: I've lost my phone again.
         B: Not again! ___________________________________________________________.
      2  A: The car has broken down again.
         B: That car is useless. It __________________________________________________.) G2 ~$ f) a# F
      3  A: Look! You've made the same mistake again.
         B: Oh no, not again! I ____________________________________________________.) Z' @$ ?9 ^+ f! s& g: g' q* K
      4  A: Oh, I've forgotten my glasses again.
         B: Typical! _____________________________________________________________.( G1 v9 D. L9 S  s: o0 ~& q! z

<336>3 e. k4 T7 g, _  I
Key to Exercises
3 Z( C, K. t6 M3 \2 t7 q
In some of the exercises you have to use your own ideas to write sentences. Example answers are giving in
the Key. If possible, check your answers with somebody who speaks English well.( B+ s4 U7 h8 S0 N& F' b. [8 C$ s
% D- E; X5 Y* }- ]# O, u
3.19 e0 v+ `! z5 W, L" Q$ I
  1 OK
  2 is boiling" z0 f' |( q7 I5 p7 T! J
  3 is trying$ x1 v1 z6 |" r& M* `1 n
  4 are they talking# q! W& _3 L' {# l+ ?; A) z6 K
  5 OK2 F! _- n0 K" j) h: ~8 V
  6 It's getting / It is getting
  7 OK
  8 I'm coming / I am coming: l- t( @+ K. d6 S# x9 ?
  9 are you getting
10 He always gets8 @' W, c: d4 ?
11 OK* A9 \8 B: P  A) |

3.25 q( W- r4 y  u1 y1 S4 x" U! [  l: N
  1 It isn't raining / It's not raining / It is not raining# c! |7 h# ]  Q0 b
  2 She speaks2 X, G/ L7 y9 K8 u0 I" {  n
  3 Everybody's waiting / Everybody is waiting
  4 Are you listening% W* x% j- l$ A! |: R& ]1 c4 q! Z
  5 Do you listen: {8 J8 S# j7 a
  6 flows
  7 's flowing / is flowing
  8 We usually grow ... we aren't growing / we're not growing / we are not growing
  9 it's improving / it is improving
10 She's staying / She is staying ... She always stays
11 I'm starting / I am starting
12 I'm learning / I am learning ... 's teaching / is teaching5 X# H* K. P+ `$ L+ D- ^1 U
13 I finish ... I'm working / I am working
14 live ... do your parents live
15 's looking / is looking ... She's staying / She is staying
16 does your brother do ... he isn't working / he's not working / he is not working! [. e# X6 H* ]& ?3 L! l' x
17 I usually enjoy ... I'm not enjoying / I am not enjoying5 c* h' @& P/ Q7 q

3.36 X% ^3 `+ F( m0 l4 A$ A: U# \/ |
1 You're / You are always losing your phone.
2 It's always breaking down.
3 I'm always making the same mistake. / ... that mistake.
4 You're always forgetting your glasses.

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發表於 2019-7-23 03:16 | 只看該作者

Part 01  Present and past  现在时与过去时. p- d8 x8 d8 E

Unit 004 Present continuous and present simple 2  现在进行时与一般现在时
            (I am doing and I do)% R, w7 a6 V1 v) z" p1 M

<8>, q) k7 J) p: |4 I+ ^* [3 b
A We use continuous forms for actions and happenings that have started but not finished (they are
' y( l* K  d; D    eating / it is raining etc.). Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in this
   way. We don't say 'I am knowing' or 'they are liking'; we say 'I know', 'they like'.3 B5 V+ t/ M: p# E1 x& ?
   They following verbs are not normally used in the present continuous:

like       want    need       prefer5 z3 D. X' _, {0 {9 ^
know    realise    suppose    mean    understand    believe    remember& i4 t" {5 ~. n, ?; K8 u
belong    fit          contain    consist    seem

         □  I'm hungry. I want something to eat. (not I'm wanting)0 f! b6 @" g/ r2 ^/ W9 B$ k
         □  Do you understand what I mean?+ R: K5 a( y: ]2 m9 b* L* n3 p
         □  Anna doesn't seem very happy at the moment.
! q! X- p/ n2 ]1 r5 O) N  h) x
B Think8 n8 J3 t5 _, q% Y( \# x
   When think means 'believe' or 'have an opinion', we do not use the continuous:* @2 x8 S( I- q- H/ h# x
         □  I think Mary is Canadian, but I'm not sure. (not I'm thinking)2 {& l: ~. h6 ~% {2 U5 g5 m0 V
         □  What do you think of my plan? (= What is your opinion?)

   When think means 'consider', the continuous is possible:
         □  I'm thinking about what happened. I often think about it.+ g3 k4 {* L4 S% b5 `; [2 ~
         □  Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. (= she is considering it)
1 l6 Z' R# S: O( z) H1 Z& e0 n
C See hear smell taste
   We normally use the present simple (not continuous) with these verbs:
         □  Do you see that man over there? (not Are you seeing)
         □  This room smells. Let's open a window.: T* E$ n7 P$ D

   We often use can + see/hear/smell/taste:
         □  I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it?

D Look feel; n2 m( N2 }0 T2 y" f
   You can use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now:: X/ a0 T* _1 F3 p* n
         □  You look well today. or You're looking well today." ~4 Y" ^/ B* [; ?
         □  How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now?1 s) }& z# K' J2 C0 j) I5 G
   but
         □  I usually feel tired in the morning. (not I'm usually feeling)5 _. ^  g1 ~3 @7 C& ]$ u
. S0 v/ K% T$ ~! \) I5 f6 d
E He is selfish and He is being selfish
   He's being = He's behaving / He's acting. Compare:% r9 X& u  H$ F1 U8 O  a. N
         □  I can't understand why he's being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.# D' S( U! |6 J# I# s+ q- ^. @9 f6 s6 X
            (being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment)
         □  He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not He is being)
            (= He is selfish generally, not only at the moment). l& X' o" k  H& G; Q
) Y" ~' X) O+ K( }  c
   We use am/is/are being to say how somebody is behaving. It is not usually possible in other4 c* w" w- q* _+ k
   sentences:
         □  It's not today. (not It is being hot)
         □  Sarah is very tired. (not is being tired)5 G# |8 r/ a7 d- d/ Y* \9 _
% b3 {! {" M7 ]: B

[ Present continuous and simple 1 → Unit 3    Have → Unit 17    Present tenses for the future → Unit 19 ]

<9>; G8 K9 z5 ^5 [' }! s$ g# i5 S2 o" f
Exercises
, L6 l( w! p, {' I
4.1 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.- X5 A( t9 l7 A1 A0 x' [: u
      1  Are you hungry? ______________ (you / want) something to eat?. q0 |$ Z5 v4 C. H3 ~4 `) i
      2  Don't put the dictionary away. ______________ (I / use) it.
      3  Don't put the dictionary away. ______________ (I / need) it.
      4  Who is that man? What ______________ (he / want)?, n1 D; k% m' l9 ?( t9 f
      5  Who is that man? Why _____________ (he / look) at us?
      6  Alan says he's 80 years old, but nobody ______________ (believe) him.6 H# C- q% w& D, y
      7  She told me her name, but ______________ (I / not / remember) it now.) S- O& a6 c1 |- A
      8  ______________ (I / think) of selling my car. Would you be interested in buying it?
      9  ______________ (I / think) you should sell your car. ______________+ `& z% d& \0 ?) k3 ~
         (you / not / use) it very often.' u1 @2 j2 \: ]2 O$ ?  z- V6 L. ^
   10  Air ______________ (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.
/ c3 k: ^/ k8 ?3 N
4.2 Use the words in brackets to make sentences. (You should also study Unit 3 before you do
      this exercise.)
      1  (you / not / seem / very happy today) You don't seem very happy today.+ j5 P/ a4 ]& ?. t
      2  A: (what / you / do?) ________________________________________.! o% Y2 R7 g6 x
         B: Be quiet! (I/ think) _______________________________________.
      3  A: (who / this umbrella / belong to?) ____________________________.
         B: I have no idea., r/ Q( c. U4 B0 Y
      4  (the dinner / smell / good) ____________________________________.8 S( M9 p; n- Y/ j0 w# ]# p' P
      5  A: Excuse me. (anybody / sit / there?) __________________________.+ @7 W0 I* m! l" B6 J
         B: No, it's free.
      6  (these gloves / not / fit / me) ___________________. They're too small.

4.3 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
      1  Nicky is thinking of giving up her job.             ____________________& R/ G7 \7 ], e( X
      2  Are you believing in God?                               ____________________
      3  I'm feeling hungry. Is there anything to eat?    ____________________
      4  This sauce is great. It's tasting really good.    ____________________* @0 u5 o5 e4 l2 T' E
      5  I'm thinking this is your key. Am I right?          ____________________& v- Z. P1 Z; e5 ?9 w# v+ D! h
- k4 E$ l/ p/ k$ z) l
4.4 Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of be. Use am/is/are being (continuous)' {8 }, v  w$ _) g2 f8 M
      where possible; otherwise use am/is/are (simple).
      1  I can't understand why ______________ so selfish. He isn't usually like that.
      2  Sarah ______________ very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why.2 ?5 e" H) R+ q' B! T/ ^  V
      3  You'll like Sophie when you meet her. She ______________ very nice.
      4  You're usually very patient, so why ______________ so unreasonable about waiting
         ten more minutes?' M# j( K- J* N) f
      5  Why isn't Steve at work today? ______________ ill.: s& w, Y3 k0 h& c( ?: j7 n* f

<336>* M7 O5 S& D9 q6 X4 {# D8 h- t
Key to Exercises9 M% T) F# a/ g& A5 E) E. D3 O6 g3 {

In some of the exercises you have to use your own ideas to write sentences. Example answers are giving in
the Key. If possible, check your answers with somebody who speaks English well.

4.1
  1 Do you want
  2 I'm using / I am using
  3 I need
  4 does he want
  5 is he looking
  6 believes
  7 I don't remember / I do not remember or I can't remember2 K& ^9 ~1 I0 E
  8 I'm thinking / I am thinking1 a( y8 U$ H8 p9 x1 \' ^/ i
  9 I think ... You don't use
10 consists

4.2
1 You don't seem very happy today.: f3 p7 g) g$ ?' ], x# P$ j
2 What are you doing?& _; e' S  g7 B: p  o
   I'm thinking.- S7 S; w" D, j
3 Who does this umbrella belong to?
4 The dinner smells good.6 ]# Y2 t  [: p8 Q
5 Is anybody sitting there?
6 These gloves don't fit me.

4.3
1 OK
2 Do you believe
3 OK (I feel is also correct)
4 It tastes1 V$ P3 y% D2 R/ y4 G6 p- ^
5 I think% ~. Q$ ~* g) l. C/ I; H

4.4
1 he's being / he is being2 K; p9 t, i, }3 R, ^9 H
2 's being / is being8 E/ h( v7 N4 h! w/ j% B  e- P% l
3 's / is
4 are you being8 g% h# c4 G. Q1 p& w4 B# ]
5 Is he0 K# ~7 I$ S5 Z3 m  L+ ~2 H$ I

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發表於 2019-7-23 04:50 | 只看該作者

Part 01  Present and past  现在时与过去时
( a  ]2 s7 e$ j5 t
Unit 005 Past simple (I did)  一般过去时

' N7 a) i7 L* v' D
<10>
A Study this example:

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian
! n1 E: G9 {$ t0 }1 r* nmusician and composer. He lived from 1756 to
: B- O# F, A5 i) f- c6 Z1791. He started composing at the age of five
! V8 t h) P* Y1 l3 _and wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
6 v3 h$ F [5 H) k7 x# L- G7 H/ ^He was only 35 years old when he died.

Lived/started/wrote/was/died are all past simple.

B Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs):% J, n5 L5 i8 D4 j7 f9 k
      □  I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store.( |( _1 D9 T# i0 Z- `9 m8 g
      □  We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come.2 G$ ?* [8 l# y6 W, n
      □  The police stopped me on my way home last night.
      □  Laura passed her exam because she studied very hard.

   For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6.; M2 s, j3 A6 d. w3 O
, }& F* n" y' L& A. O2 M2 }
   But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For example:+ H* M  r8 q' N0 t9 |; d
         Write → wrote       □  Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
         see → saw             □  We saw Tanya in town a few days ago.
         go → went             □  I went to the cinema three times last week." A7 W3 f  q( g
         shut → shut          □  It was cold, so I shut the window.
# Y. h. h& x! e. H
   For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1.
6 S6 U3 X$ N0 }
C In questions and negatives we use did/didn't + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.):$ ~- ]7 P4 i0 a, K1 W

         I enjoyed          you enjoy?          I       enjoy
0 I( Z! c3 G7 B& `/ L8 f- }       she saw          did  she see?       she didn't see
, u0 \7 N0 X2 y; ~    they went                they go?          they          go

   □  A: Did you go out last night?; ^4 T) J) s# i9 K% Y8 A! _% \
         B: Yes, I went to the cinema, but I didn't enjoy the film much.
      □  'When did Mr Thomas die?' 'About ten years ago.'  e( ?0 J% P1 `
      □  They didn't invite us to the party, so we didn't go.
      □  'Did you have time to do the shopping?' 'No, I didn't.'
. t4 }+ u$ a/ P# }5 ]
   In the following examples, do is the main verb in the sentence (did ... do / didn't do):% U/ Y0 J; K- @# d# B; S
      □  What did you do at the weekend? (not What did you at the weekend?)
      □  I didn't do anything. (not I didn't anything)5 y+ z$ }; D* n

D The past of be (am/is/are) is was/ were:

" H2 n0 a4 W4 O$ ^
I/he/she/it was/wasn't was I/he/she/it?
0 U4 n9 ^9 f9 v1 K# s we/you/they were/weren't were we/you/they

Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were:& x: F5 j7 v. e. a' G  ~) @1 W
      □  I was angry because they were late.$ m6 a3 U$ d! V5 o: [7 n! _
      □  Was the weather good when you were on holiday?
      □  They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
      □  Did you go out last night or were you too tired?

) m3 O3 D/ k) g9 c& f
[ Past simple and past continuous → Unit 6    Past simple and present perfect → Unit 12-14 ]

<11>8 o. G, B- R  U- J
Exercises* N% l+ p4 ?- [* P
( H9 U, q$ _4 x# d% |5 D4 b2 Q# a
5.1 Read what Laura says about a typical working day:

Laura: I usually get up at 7 o'clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which, C: A  Z0 J3 P0 [
      takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.45. I never have lunch. I finish( g: g6 o! b/ X) K  ~6 z
      work at 5 o'clock. I'm always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal
; X" u* h3 `, q" O) ~       in the evening. I don't usually go out. I go to bed at about 11 o'clock, and I
: l" t0 j5 m2 B# {* y; o; d. ~       always sleep well.

   Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura. Write what she did or didn't do yesterday.
      1  ______________________ at 7 o'clock.    7  ______________________ at 5 o'clock.
      2  She _______________ a big breakfast.       8  ________ tired when _________ home.
      3  She ____________________________.    9  ___________ a meal yesterday evening.
      4  It __________________ to get to work.    10  ______________ out yesterday evening.' X( ^! `9 k8 l: c( N
      5  _________________________ at 8.45.    11  _____________________ at 11 o'clock.
      6  ___________________________ lunch.    12  ____________________ well last night.& ]" i$ h3 B9 \7 X8 k3 l

5.2 Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form:

buy catch cost fall hurt sell spend teach throw ~~write~~

   1  Mozart _______ more than 600 pieces of music.
      2  'How did you learn to drive?' 'My father _______ me.'
      3  We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we _______ it.
      4  Dave _______ down the stairs this morning and _______ his leg.+ \% G: I+ M, x* j
      5  Joe ________ the ball to Sue, who _______ it.
      6  Ann _______ a lot of money yesterday. She _______ a dress which
         _______ £100.

5.3 You ask James about his holiday. Write your questions." b% ~) a, y" e6 U; C* I
         Hi. How are things?5 N) _) |) d1 v5 F5 Q) Z  h) u
                                    Fine, thanks. I've just had a great holiday.
      1  Where ____________?1 H9 S' e# c9 T% x0 p6 O0 O
                                    To the U.S. We went on a trip from San Francisco to Denver.
      2  How _________________________________? By car?
                                    Yes, we hired a car in San Francisco.
      3  It's a long way to drive. How long _______________________________ to get to Denver?
                                    Two weeks.
      4  Where _________________________________________? In hotels?) f# Q& V. O$ _4 }/ J: s+ g
                                    Yes, small hotels or motels.
      5  ________________________________ good?, L- i! r1 o8 c+ x# I) Y0 r
                                    Yes, but it was very hot - sometimes too hot.  o; N4 F) a; z, v; M* S
      6  _____________________________ the Grand Canyon?+ p$ D1 e9 a8 u, V; Q
                                    Of course. It was wonderful.

5.4 Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.
      1  It was warm, so I _______ off my coat. (take)* t! V: v6 |/ z8 \
      2  The film wasn't very good. I _______________ it much. (enjoy)
      3  I knew Sarah was busy, so I ________________________ her. (disturb)
      4  We were very tired, so we _________________________ the party early. (leave)
      5  The bed was very uncomfortable. I __________________________ well. (sleep)9 u2 X* \" o5 w# S7 T& C
      6  The window was open and a bird _________________________ into the room. (fly)
      7  The hotel wasn't very expensive. It _________________________ much to stay there. (cost); X; |. _% s) P  \0 ^
      8  I was in a hurry, so I ________________________ time to phone you. (have)
      9  It was hard carrying the bags. They _________________________ very heavy. (be)

<336>- f- E6 x- _. S( x1 v' }; E
Key to Exercises
0 a$ ^) L4 g% r1 k
In some of the exercises you have to use your own ideas to write sentences. Example answers are giving in 9 {6 v  ]$ J) K7 L7 i# P3 V
the Key. If possible, check your answers with somebody who speaks English well.

5.1$ P; b( M' U5 G1 h2 _
  1 She got up" v5 B1 e9 X* h
  2 She had; W$ N& N0 B' B6 A
  3 She walked to work2 o. A! G+ B5 a; c0 V7 v1 Q8 M( k
  4 It took her (about) half an hour
  5 She started work
  6 She didn't have (any) lunch. / ... eat (any) lunch.. i, G  g0 z! N5 S
  7 She finished work
  8 She was tired when she got home., t0 X& I' A' O2 {
  9 She cooked0 ~7 _* Z$ g8 t. t4 b* X
10 She didn't go 4 t$ {! V) ^" M$ m+ `
11 She went to bed
12 She slept

<337>- I# {8 Y1 i! _8 N+ d- D
5.20 i0 _8 ?- s$ ]' s4 W- e4 H! C
1 wrote1 i1 K0 X- G" `" c
2 taught
3 sold
4 fell ... hurt: }% z0 G3 {6 \0 C+ O5 s  V
5 threw ... caught
6 spent ... bought ... cost+ ]  O) x- t1 ?  g' t
1 D2 l& I% e# M4 Y$ I& \3 |, s
5.3: ?% a4 L# U& m2 F# t
1 did you go
2 did you travel / did you go
3 did it take (you)' \( s; k$ A! W9 |: q/ G9 M
4 did you stay
5 Was the weather
6 Did you go to / Did you see / Did you visit
9 |9 k5 O0 i& Y. h8 J: a
5.4
1 took
2 didn't enjoy
3 didn't disturb
4 left6 c$ R5 T9 M. ^# n
5 didn't sleep, e1 K6 a. q$ F+ W* V/ i2 N- t
6 flew
7 didn't cost
8 didn't have! r8 v* i# O8 x; {1 r& z
9 were

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發表於 2019-7-23 06:12 | 只看該作者

Part 01  Present and past  现在时与过去时/ ^+ p  Y5 p* |: J

Unit 006 Past continuous (I was doing)  过去进行时

1 g5 v5 Z& W! O- R
<12>% |& }7 `& U8 E, D0 @
A Study this example situation:5 e+ A3 e* [! I# R7 r. h
   Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They started at6 t) Z* O, R! T
   10 o'clock and finished at 11.30.
   So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis.3 d: `4 r: j1 R
# o( X, k' [6 i
   They were playing = they were in the middle of playing.
   They had not finished playing.
   Was/were -ing is the past continuous:

      I/he/she/it was playing5 `+ A& f7 j8 `' y# G% v, H' l9 g
      we/you/they were doing7 V2 n* M$ T- x9 x/ ~6 h
                                    working etc.

5 e. B7 e) f2 g6 t" V

B I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or
   situation had already started before this time, but had not finished:
      I started doing             I was doing                I finished doing
               ↓                            ↙ ↓ ↘                            ↓                                  |
   ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯' |3 Z4 [. r9 Y. O$ |2 v
            past                                                                      past                               now
         □  This time last year I was living in Brazil.
         □  What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
         □  I waved to Helen, but she wasn't looking.
4 i% l  j6 h- L' Y
C Complete the past continuous /(I was doing) and past simple (I did):

Past continuous (in the middle of an action)Past simple (complete action)8 {# n4 m" ?; q2 N& e
□  I was walking home when I met Dan. □ I walked home after the party last night.
% q+ E/ Q2 c. L- C# o7 q (in the middle of walking home)                (= all the way, completely)0 i7 V" n/ ?  Y% K( r
□  Kate was watching TV when we          □ Kate watched TV a lot when she' W! ~0 u0 L" d% p2 b
arrived.                                                 was ill last year.

6 Z. o: R) F0 R. l7 l! ]
D We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the
   middle of something else:4 T2 A* ]2 [# f  C
         □  Matt phoned while we were having dinner.$ h3 }; S1 x! G5 b5 w7 C% m
         □  It was raining when I got up.2 b0 S1 T7 ]6 K. b2 l
         □  I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
         □  I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.

   But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:3 }  c, z0 J  ]/ v: E
         □  I was walking along the road when I saw Dan. So I stopped, and we had a chat.
' U" S  g" R5 n7 B
   Compare:

□  When Karen arrived, we were having          □  When Karen arrived, we had dinner.3 {5 s+ N/ ~' Q: Y) `, U
dinner. (= we had already started                   (= Karen arrived, and then we had+ A3 f7 D9 P/ D/ _2 e, ~
before she arrived)                                        dinner)

1 u& f4 k9 z% v! |: r- ]

E Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 4A):
         □  We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not We were knowing)6 m$ d3 g8 O& E- u3 e
         □  I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting); j) |/ Z- S! ?$ V: r5 z

<13>" I0 r2 z- d9 ?9 X: A6 T
Exercises) r8 v! d8 z6 E2 ]

6.1 What were you doing at these times? Write sentences as in the examples. The past continuous
      is not always necessary (see the second example).6 k3 ?4 @9 X( ^: _/ R
      1  (at 8 o'clock yesterday evening) _______________________________________________
      2  (at 5 o'clock last Monday) ____________________________________________________* H& m: B3 Y$ z( N
      3  (at 10.15 yesterday morning) _________________________________________________) r/ @/ m9 P# R0 g& B. H9 S1 Q8 C
      4  (at 4.30 this morning) _______________________________________________________8 t  k. m* h& \' {* r/ o6 ]
      5  (at 7.45 yesterday evening) __________________________________________________" l! {3 ?( b! w4 x3 _
      6  (half an hour ago) __________________________________________________________4 M1 D7 q9 O* ^; f

6.2 Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. Use the past continuous.
      1  Matt phoned while we were having dinner_______________________________________.
      2  The doorbell rang while I ____________________________________________________.
      3  The car began to make a strange noise when we _________________________________.
      4  Jessica fell asleep while she __________________________________________________.
      5  The television was on, but nobody _____________________________________________.$ H) `. g% p# L2 S. I; J

6.3 Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
      1  I _______ (see) Sue in town yesterday, but she ______________ (not / see) me.  n% h! E, _2 |8 ?( f4 M! c* c
         She _______________ (look) the other way.( q. ^' @& y" k, q* t
      2  I _______ (meet) Tom and Jane at the airport a few weeks ago. They ______________ (go)
         to Rome. We _______________ (have) a chat while we ______________ (wait) for our flights.7 n  Q7 N3 \3 y, @  b
      3  I ______________ (cycle) home yesterday when a man ______________ (step) out into the) C6 f$ e5 Z! f; S
         road in front of me. I ______________ (go) quite fast, but luckily I ______________ (manage)* N  f7 t+ V" e  j0 B
         to stop in time and ______________ (not / hit) him.) f4 K/ y' x2 @8 G% ]0 k1 f/ O

6.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.2 S- _; l9 B4 n) ]. ]
      1  Jenny ____________ (wait) for me when I _________ (arrive).
      2  'What _____________________ (you /do) at this time yesterday?' 'I was asleep.'
      3  '____________________ (you / go) out last night?' 'No, I was too tired.'5 w) `0 E9 |8 C  x+ D  m8 U
      4  How fast __________________________ (you / drive) when the accident _________________' `  C; s5 i8 O3 r* k( [5 T0 d% \- t
         (happen)?
      5  Sam _________________ (take) a picture of me while I _______________________________
         (not / look).
      6  We were in a very difficult position. We ________________________ (not / know) what to do.
      7  I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last _________________ (see) him, he4 a8 X& C5 K  M- d. k
         ___________________ (try) to find a job,
      8  I ______________________ (walk) along the street when suddenly I ____________________
         (hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody ____________________________ (follow) me. I was! o0 i" H7 M2 Q4 n
         scared and I _________________ (start) to run.: V/ `; H$ o6 ?, ~
      9  When I was young, I _________________ (want) to be a pilot.7 p. M9 g7 z9 K0 C3 y" `) y  M
   10  Last night I _________________ (drop) a plate when I _____________________ (do) the
         washing-up. Fortunately it _____________________ (not / break).1 ?& ^4 j4 k7 f
  H6 t3 `3 u3 Q
[ → Additional exercise 1 (page 302) ]0 O8 |8 Q2 ]. y

<337>. \4 P* p* R' l5 f: }
Key to Exercises3 R7 X2 W% [: _# p

In some of the exercises you have to use your own ideas to write sentences. Example answers are giving in
the Key. If possible, check your answers with somebody who speaks English well.

6.1
Example answers:
1 I was having dinner.
2 I was on a bus on my way home.- L1 `- x; D8 V  M( X* M; t% r
3 I was working.: W0 d1 M" k& `' ^  s2 U
4 I was in bed asleep.* m2 i( _* P! r4 s4 f) P" K0 h
5 I was getting ready to go out.
6 I was watching TV at home.& R+ ^1 y3 H6 b
8 {' o) T' Z1 a, R" Q1 D
6.28 |* P5 `! Z1 v- q' [1 ^
Example answers:( r* w; [+ t$ w
1 were having dinner
2 was having a shower
3 were driving home
4 was reading the paper
5 was watching it

6.3
1 saw ... didn't see ... was looking
2 met ... were going ... was going ... had ... were waiting / waited
3 was cycling ... stepped ... was going ... managed ... didn't hit2 j0 y+ B1 G5 _

6.4  t3 i' E* t  ^& u( w5 S  w
  1 was waiting ... arrived
  2 were you doing
  3 Did you go
  4 were you driving ... happened2 W! m( b  m" E! n" {0 ?  |
  5 took ... wasn't looking
  6 didn't know
  7 saw ... was trying$ T+ u4 ~, ^- H# U+ b
  8 was walking ... heard ... was following ... started
  9 wanted
10 dropped ... was doing ... didn't break

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Part 02 Present perfect and past 现在完成时与过去时
: _( g# Y# r( c# O
Unit 007 Present perfect 1 (I have done) 现在完成时7 w" x9 C8 g" D; F4 J
* y9 X) I* ^/ h. ]+ M/ i/ D: X
4 d' ^4 x/ D( ]7 q8 D; K8 E
<14>% o+ e% l1 Q4 G* ]
A Study this example situation:

I've lost my key.

Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.
   He has lost his key.
   He has lost his key = He lost it recently, and he still
   doesn't have it.7 q: }: j/ G1 ?1 r' ]! h
/ ~7 ^5 N# D4 G1 Z2 {# @
   Have/has lost is the present perfect simple:

                                             finished% c1 Y5 Y& F" f. I0 ^
I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.) lost
- J+ K8 I) x$ v/ K                                              done
" }- `/ m5 }! O' D0 v, ?9 q    he/she/it has (= he's etc.) been etc.

  `( n4 F1 H! X4 j& L
   The present perfect simple is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed
   (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (lost/done/written etc.).

   For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1.8 Z- R3 b& I+ m/ w+ p& ?) `, p

B When we say that 'something has happened', this is usually new information:& u* g2 V# J+ Y( a; i
         □  Ow! I've cut my finger.
         □  The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident.
         □  (from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.4 k7 ~+ o7 y7 J% G
) i8 |! t, H7 k* G& o
   When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now:
         □  'Where's your key?' 'I don't know. I've lost it.' (= I don't have it now)
         □  He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (= I can't remember it now)
         □  'Is Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.' (= she is out now)) A% j. a# @* p/ X& U
         □  I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (= Do you know where it is now)" K; p) `# S- B* N5 X$ O

C Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to):  [( y/ H0 `* P6 G6 v
         □  James is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there)3 s) i9 }$ `" y+ i; C* `" @" F
         □  Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back)* X# ]5 z& P) x1 Y. E0 i% |  M% z
/ P+ I5 Z- p, M( s
D You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet." G! b0 h! O0 {! z
   Just = a short time ago:
         □  'Are you hungry?' 'No, I've just had lunch.'
         □  Hello. Have you just arrived?. u& c2 f5 }0 E( X* U

   We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected:
         □  'Don't forget to pay your electricity bill.' 'I've already paid it.'
         □  'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already left.'. I: b3 v  @" _. a

   Yet = until now. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in4 y0 L4 o$ Q" g( T! b8 h
   questions and negative sentences:
         □  Has it stopped raining yet?
         □  I've written the email, but I haven't sent it yet.' C% P8 ?" s9 K& N% r; S

E You can also use the past simple (did, went, had etc.) in the examples on this page. So you can say:
         □  'Is Sally here?' 'No, she went out.' or 'No, she's gone out.'
         □  'Are you hungry?' 'No, I just had lunch.' or 'No, I've just had lunch.'

[ Present perfect → Units 8, 11    Been to → Units 8A, 126A    Present perfect continuous → Units 9-10
Present perfect and past → Units 12-14    Yet and already → Unit 111    American English → Appendix 7 ]
1 t6 Z* M4 K4 L% ~  B5 W
' G5 H. P' z' j" K
<15>" W+ f9 T' f# p9 }
Exercises) O+ H3 ~0 i, R9 D  }6 y6 }

7.1 Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs in the present perfect:

arrive break fall go up grow improve ~~lose~~

" o+ L5 _, X- w  O$ Z0 O; `  R
      1  Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.                         Tom has lost his key._________3 u: ?) q0 ?1 e0 ^3 g$ o1 y
      2  Lisa can't walk and her leg is in plaster.                            Lisa ______________________
      3  Last week the bus fare was £1.80. Now it is £2.                The bus fare _______________
      4  Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is better.             Her English ________________1 G! y# E3 m: H- t$ C, ]7 }
      5  Dan didn't have a beard before. Now he has a beard.       Dan ______________________
      6  This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it.          The letter _________________9 D5 Q, ^0 K2 Q  O' y; S
      7  The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is only 12.          The ______________________
  E: C6 X4 |0 P/ r+ D) k0 W9 T
7.2 Put in been or gone.- U& w9 W- H4 l2 @% w% [
      1  James is on holiday. He's _______ to Italy.
      2  Hello! I've just _____________ to the shops. I've bought lots of things.
      3  Alice isn't here at the moment. She's _____________ to the shop to get a newspaper./ t3 v0 o4 S5 P8 c+ _
      4  Tom has _____________ out. He'll be back in about an hour.1 |! U9 c6 V5 Z1 B
      5  'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already ____________ to the bank.'- L# k5 |7 b) w# t0 }, p4 v: R

7.3 Complete B's sentences. Make sentences from the words in brackets.5 p- r  P/ V! [0 s7 `; R, k
      1  A: Would you like something to eat?% D5 Q( j. {6 E( w
         B: No, thanks. _____________________________ (I/ just / have / lunch)
      2  A: Do you know where Julia is?
         B: Yes, ___________________________________ (I / just/ see / her)2 k6 }* @) J3 D& p9 [
      3  A: What time is David leaving?6 f% a+ t8 ~: R/ }
         B: _______________________________________ (he / already / leave)
      4  A: What's in the newspaper today?4 H7 M/ g0 A$ s# ^8 E9 C
         B: I don't know. ____________________________ (I / not / read / it yet)2 I  b' w- r. `' d' o+ C
      5  A: Is Sue coming to the cinema with us?
         B: No, ____________________________________ (she / already / see / the film)
      6  A: Are your friends here yet?
         B: Yes, ____________________________________ (they / just / arrive)+ x7 i$ |0 b: z# G" Y7 b
      7  A: What does Tim think about your plan?% [1 E! R1 t9 \& U1 R7 u1 i
         B: _______________________________________ (we / not / tell / him yet)

7.4 Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet.$ i/ D" j. v- D% B, D, R( K# c: Z3 M( \
      1  After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, 'Would you like something to eat?'5 k- w7 f5 q9 I8 d9 A
         You say: No thank you. _______________________. (have lunch)- A9 D1 P- c  G8 j5 }; y% g
      2  Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, 'Can I speak to Joe?'
         You say: I'm afraid ______________________________________________________. (go out)* u0 ^8 H/ S; L9 g' _' L$ M5 J
      3  You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your
         plate away.
         You say: Wait a minute! ____________________________________. (not / finish)! {( b' U# o( ~' w) B0 v0 \* T
      4  You plan to eat at a restaurant tonight. You phoned to reserve a table. Later your friends says,
         'Shall I phone to reserve a table?'
         You say: No, _________________________________. (do it)$ g  K, e% b% `  H
      5  You know that a friend of yours is looking for a place to live. Perhaps she has been successful.
         Ask her.
         You say: ______________________________________________________? (find)
      6  You are still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, 'Where are you going
         for your holiday?'
         You say: ___________________________________________. (not / decide)' `! r) p, W" b" Z" I, L5 t
      7  Linda went shopping, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, 'Is Linda still out+ i, j& M+ }, ~
         shopping?'$ ]5 J0 Z6 |+ X0 z, f$ J$ H5 [7 @
         You say: No, ______________________________________________. (come back)

<337>' Z8 u+ `+ {. |2 b
Key to Exercises
! C7 r/ |6 D- N* o# i
In some of the exercises you have to use your own ideas to write sentences. Example answers are giving in & a! j% R7 C) u: G8 z# [
the Key. If possible, check your answers with somebody who speaks English well.

7.1
1 Tom has lost his key.7 c. a# k! q: w
2 Lisa has broken her leg.  L, N" Q0 Q& T; |3 k
3 The bus fare has gone up.6 x7 ^2 `& m$ M9 t* n! B
4 Her English has improved.
5 Dan has grown a beard.4 i# l6 k7 g8 W: P; r! Q
6 The letter has arrived.
7 The temperature has fallen., N8 \+ K' k' W* ^7 A" d& t

7.2
1 gone# u6 F5 D) @+ D0 K% [; G
2 been
3 gone: B# u- |% q! W4 c
4 gone" X  e! O4 k& @2 ?2 q* B. C
5 been
' E6 {8 y. u; V/ i7 F/ F+ O
7.3, ?$ p/ K6 o4 H7 J
1 I've just had lunch. / I have just had lunch. or I just had lunch.
2 Yes, I've just seen her. / Yes, I have just seen her. or Yes, I just saw her.
3 He's already left. / He has already left. or He already left.; O* [' C% _2 O! a
4 I haven't read it yet. or I didn't read it yet.
5 No, she's already seen the film. / No, she has already seen ... or No, she already saw ...2 N: K. J: _) `7 q4 X7 D3 I) M
6 Yes, they've just arrived. / Yes, They have just arrived. or Yes, they just arrived.0 j/ G$ \% T' R! d' [
7 We haven't told him yet. or We didn't tell him yet.

7.4- i8 g5 |' @  ^
1 I've just had lunch /I have just had lunch or I just had lunch& ]4 J* e/ ?& O( r8 y  A( z
2 he's just gone out / he has just gone out or he just went out% c. w9 _" F( x# y
3 I haven't finished yet or I didn't finish yet9 e  D& Y5 o7 }) s/ W
4 I've already done it / I have already done it or I already did it
5 Have you found a place to live yet? or Did you find a place ...?
6 I haven't decided yet or I didn't decide yet
7 she's just come back / she has just come back or she just come back

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發表於 2019-7-24 18:17 | 只看該作者

Part 02  Present perfect and past  现在完成时与过去时

Unit 008 Present perfect 2 (I have done)  现在完成时
4 ^/ t% R  [' D, ?& b$ q3 ^4 h5 b

<16>
A Study this example conversation:

DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane?/ @, s' Y% i- d7 u/ A
JANE: Yes, I've been to lots of places.
' }  B1 G. J) sDAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China?
  E3 H$ Y( |: G; Q: |3 n8 _JANE: Yes, I've been to China twice.5 Q; r! H& w# d) q
DAVE: What about India?6 `; c# @, u2 D  [
JANE: No, I haven't been to India.

0 i# T$ O( q7 X; p/ ?. G
   When we talk about a period of time that continuous from the past until now, we use the present# R$ Y8 z8 O/ s/ i
   perfect (have been / have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane
   has visited in her life, which is a period that continues until now.4 l5 S& P. \& r  A; p2 \0 H

Some more examples:3 a% r$ _, V( Z3 E) x- V
         □  Have you ever eaten caviar?
         □  We've never had a car.
         □  'Have you read Hamlet?' 'No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.'
         □  Susan really loves that film. She's seen it eight times!
         □  What a boring film! It's the most boring film I've ever seen.
7 }0 P) {) d4 }) b4 D3 g+ \/ h( z
   Been (to) = visited:7 B# ]: u  n5 D. v( h: X1 ?
         □  I've never been to China. Have you been there?7 X0 a6 ~. o) c. _$ o6 D6 {
  Q7 E; H; S* G8 {" `, Y
B In the following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now
   (recently / in the last few days / so far / since breakfast etc.):
         □  Have you heard anything from Brian recently?
         □  I've met a lot of people in the last few days.& O* @' y" z" N# c
         □  Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far.
         □  I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.
            (= from breakfast until now)) ^: i+ E& u8 w* a3 i1 W
         □  It's good to se you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time.

C In the same way we use the present perfect with today / this evening / this year etc. when these
   periods are not finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B):9 a$ k3 s8 V. f3 ~9 r1 J
         □  I've drunk four cups of coffee today.
         □  Have you had a holiday this year?
         □  I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you?! D. U& E& O( |0 Y8 ^0 t/ O
         □  Rob hasn't worked very hard this term.
" c# s5 S; p( X5 M2 U
D We say: It's the (first) time something has happened. For example:

This is the first time I've driven a car.

      □  Don is having a driving lesson. It's his first one.
            It's the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)* @1 G* E& q6 j9 b+ u) k
   or    He has never driven a car before.
         □  Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second# [, H" w0 T# B, A4 J, Y# O( O5 L! B
            time this has happened. (not happens)  T& _! r7 }, E8 \; F, d& F
         □  Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third
            time he's phoned her this evening.

[ Present perfect 1 → Unit 7    Present perfect + for/since → Units  11-12
Present perfect and past → Units 12-14 ]% P& m* H; U* U7 n7 a* M1 E* t( ]& |, K

<17>$ H( C$ r2 |( i6 |3 c
Exercises2 T+ f% n% K5 p% {1 p
- r3 x5 r& b' J/ X) T! l9 d- _
8.1 You ask people about things they have done. Write questions with ever.
      1  (ride / horse?) __Have_you_ever_ridden_a_horse?_______________________( b2 Y0 @1 P* X) E, x
      2  (be / California?) Have _____________________________________________
      3  (run / marathon?) _________________________________________________
      4  (speak / famous person?) ___________________________________________2 [+ \  Z9 h8 d8 q& e7 O) ~
      5  (most beautiful place / visit?) What's __________________________________* F, o& T5 T' z# @; i# J( G

8.2 Complete B's answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use these verbs:

be be eat happen ~~have~~ have ~~meet~~ play read see try

$ [" {$ V* _* T  ~6 t* o4 L
      1  A: What's Mark's sister like?
         B: I've no idea. _____________________ her.
      2  A: Is everything going well?, [& d6 y: i5 i# X1 {4 t
         B: Yes, we _____________ any problems so far.4 A/ B7 L- L( ~2 g( l8 {7 a
      3  A: Are you hungry?
         B: Yes. I _______________________ mush today.2 t# H+ ]3 g/ o* T
      4  A: Can you play chess?8 m4 Z7 `) q% r, d  v& }0 Y
         B: Yes, but ___________________________ for ages.
      5  A: Are you enjoying your holiday?. I3 i. z# u! o8 j* a* m
         B: Yes, it's the best holiday _____________ for a long time.
      6  A: What's that book like?! `6 V" o  p+ y9 g" z; E" ]
         B: I don't know. ______________________ it.
      7  A: Is Brussels an interesting place?
         B: I've no idea. __________________________ there.8 o2 I; _) X6 u" ~
      8  A: I hear your car broke down again yesterday.  W( X. J5 w* w# W! I! a
         B: Yes, it's the second time ______________________ this month.
      9  A: Do you like caviar?- H& c( z# z& t6 s3 c
         B: I don't know. ______________________ it.5 u) s6 Q- x$ _: c
      10  A: Mike was late for work again today.& M' B9 Y2 {% p
            B: Again? He ________________________________ late every day this week.3 g0 j5 X) K7 y
      11  A: Who's that woman by the door?* b. c: n! |7 U+ r
            B: I don't know. _____________________ her before.0 ]( p' o2 [, D8 H
0 O3 i  g4 C: ^' H" Q* c
8.3 Write four sentences about yourself. Use I haven't and choose from the boxes.

used a computer travelled by bus eaten any fruit) U+ R8 }: T. q# v/ c& d, M# i
been to the cinema read a book lost anything

today this week recently for ages since ... this year

* ]! f8 m  S4 z1 M* x
      1  __I_haven't_used_a_computer_today.______________________________& k  `! b& P. D5 \/ O
      2  _____________________________________________________________
      3  _____________________________________________________________
      4  _____________________________________________________________; B& ]0 Z, g1 M2 R. Q. k4 Z
      5  _____________________________________________________________

8.4 Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the example.! _( e( V! k1 ?! x, X) m
      1  Jack is driving a car, but he's very nervous and not sure what to do.
         You ask: _____________________________________________________) Q# [$ G" b- m3 s( Z% W
         He says: _____________________________________________________% m# l) @' {' X7 W. ?2 b) N
      2  Ben is playing tennis. He's not good at it and he doesn't know the rules.8 M( I2 d8 I: D' o- ?5 q' ?
         You ask: Have _________________________________________________
         He says: No, this is the first ______________________________________
      3  Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable.' |, P$ e3 F! L8 N8 n1 d4 g
         You ask: _____________________________________________________
         She says: ____________________________________________________* o$ S' T0 u6 f# m$ x
      4  Maria is in Japan. She has just arrived and it's very new for her.9 g- d: g! S( z6 Q6 Z. s, `$ b
         You ask: _____________________________________________________
         She says: ____________________________________________________, m# ~7 A" {' x2 d  g0 q( u

<337>! F9 p  L  F7 i7 J' M) `7 [& h- K2 \3 g
Key to Exercises

In some of the exercises you have to use your own ideas to write sentences. Example answers are giving in
the Key. If possible, check your answers with somebody who speaks English well.
6 R: L9 y# t7 e% f
8.1
1 Have you ever ridden a horse?8 m5 T% {' |6 c. B
2 Have you ever been to California?+ v1 h  A5 U$ ]+ g1 C
3 Have you ever run (in) a marathon?, r' m0 T$ z9 Q. w6 t0 w2 q7 F
4 Have you ever spoken to a famous person?
5 What's the most beautiful place you've ever visited? / ... you have ever visited?

8.2
  1 I've never met
  2 haven't had
  3 haven't eaten
  4 I haven't played (it)3 F+ G; U$ ]$ L$ s! m
  5 I've had / I have had
  6 I haven't read
  7 I've never been / I haven't been
  8 it's happened / it has happened or that's happened / that has happened# Y1 }+ Y' k- }  I1 H: q' R6 W
  9 I've never tried / I haven't tried or I've never eaten / I haven't eaten1 Z, _5 [0 M% e* ^7 j! z/ u
10 's been / has been: k3 G# B, f' h7 h* x! V- E  p% d2 ~
11 I've never seen / I haven't seen
" B8 h7 s, ^) H' p# }$ y
8.3
Example answers:  c) T' m- n/ h- s2 Q5 Z/ T: O, k
1 I haven't used a computer today.
2 I haven't travelled by bus this week.
3 I haven't been to the cinema recently.* }  L, G) S. L  D" i
4 I haven't read a book for ages.
5 I haven't lost anything today.: k- }; @# N2 a; B( {

8.4
1 Have you driven a car before?
   No, this is the first time I've driven a car.
2 Have you played tennis before?: Y. X  w9 D, y. t2 K4 k5 o2 V
   No, this is the first time I've played tennis.
3 Have you ridden a horse before? / Have you been on a horse before?
   No, this is the first time I've ridden a horse. / ... I've been on a horse.
4 Have you been to Japan before?4 E5 C8 e" ]* D$ l
   No, this is the first time I've been to Japan.

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[神乃木収容倉] English Grammar in Use 2012 v4 (07/23 update

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